One of my competitors had a designer put a new look on their website. As soon as they uploaded it we went to the site to sniff the code. We saw that the developer left the "noindex" on all of the files. We laughed and laughed about that. Within a few days their entire site dropped out of search and it took them a couple weeks to figure out what happened while we enjoyed a big increase in sales. But, when they uploaded the site with the noindex removed, within a few days the pages were mostly back in search and two weeks later they were back to normal.
The amount of time required is influenced by the amount of spider action received by the site. If your site has low PageRank and does not receive a lot of spider action you can go much longer without being reindexed. Deep pages on a site without much spider action can take weeks to come back. The site in the example above is a PR6 site with mostly PR3 and PR4 pages.