We use #4 in almost every instance.

We believe that it is more valuable to optimize the title tag for ranking and for eliciting clicks.  Everyone can see our domain in the URL.  Our website has been online and pulling lots of traffic for over 20 years.  Still most visitors are first time visitors.  Anyone who knows us, knows us.  Domain in the title is a waste of valuable optimization or impact space.

I don't know Google's position.  However, I do have thoughts about this...

Great websites link to other great websites all of the time.  If you have a great website you can feel confident about linking to another great website that links to you.... but this is usually not done by agreement, it is done for the reason of attribution [such as in a footnote or reference] or in a helpful gesture to your visitor [done instead of giving an unlinked mention because you are damn selfish or scared to link to another great website that competes in your space].  People who run great websites are too busy running a great websites and don't have time to fart around swapping links.  They don't gotta do it.

I think that obvious gaming of the system isn't going to work much of the time.  Google is smart enough to know that one crappy website linking to another crappy website is done to game the system.  Nobody links to crappy websites, except other crappy websites who can't get a link any other way AND people who are paid to link to crappy websites.

Our practice on linking is... we only link to pages on other websites that have content that is superior in some way to the content that we have on our page.... OR.... link to pages where attribution is appropriate - much like the footnotes in wikipedia.

I think that there are many correct answers to your question... my strong bias will be shown in my response.

1. If you want a keyword optimization answer, then the keyword or keyphrase that you want to rank for should be in the title tag on the left.

2. How the company name appears is governed by marketing, ego, arrogance, and sometimes by common SEO sense. Some businesses or their owners/directors feel a need to SHOUT their company name in everyone's face.  These businesses place their company name on the left of the title tag at the expense of their page optimization.  Those who have it really bad got to have that company name in ALL CAPS.

3. Other business owners feel that the topic that they are publishing takes priority over the name of their company, so they place the title of the article on the left of the title tag and their business name on the right.  They use UpLow or in ALL CAPS depending upon how hard they usually pound their chests.

4. Some people have "a message to get out" and that message is bigger than their egos or the amount of noise that they try to make when they pound their chests.  So they use the title tag to the fullest extent possible to convey their message.  They know that every person with common sense will see their URL in the SERPs and the name of their business at the top of their website.

There you have four options.  Choose one that works for you.

Your organization will have at least one person who has lots of contact with lots of donors.  Perhaps that person would be willing to approach them about a link.  Lots of donors (though not all lf them) enjoy spreading the word about how they contributed to worthy causes (think about those photos of oversized checks in the newspaper).  These folks might be willing to write an announcement (long articles not needed) about their recent gift(s) and include links to your organization.  (You could offer to prepare it for them).  They might also use that announcement as a press release to local newspapers, local other groups who like to publicize good works.

Also, some businesses are plagued by telephone and email solicitations from charities.  We used to get several per month.  They were time wasters because we can't spend time screening charities that we have never heard of.  Then we placed an obvious link in the footer of our website about our charitable giving.  That link goes straight to an article that says... lots of people contact us about contributions...  we want to let you know that our company gives 100% of charitable giving to [name of charity].  After that link and article went live, the number of calls dropped by at least 80%, and the ones that don't notice that link and call are handled gracefully..."[thanks for calling, 100% of our support goes to [name of charity]."  Charitable solicitation calls are no longer a problem because we don't get very many and the ones that we do get are easy to deal with.  And, our favorite charity got a great article with an obvious link.

in 2018 buying backlinks is still the most valueable way to achieve good rankings on google.

Use this method at your own (and considerable) risk.  Plenty of people have lost their business, their way of earning a living (and their family's estate) by purchasing backlinks.

Link buying is often used by SEOs who want to get paid for ranking a website and don't care about the long term sustainablity of the business who hired them.

Amazon gives sellers five bullet points at the top of the product page, then a couple hundred words down below.

We changed many of our retail pages to 1) a two or three sentence sales pitch; 2) several bullets (as many as needed); 3) an article format description that might include additional photos, the most commonly asked questions about the product.

I'd go to the SEMrush dashboard and copy/paste the URL in the search box.  Then press the orange search button.

You will get a report that shows the keywords that the page ranks for and the rankings that they currently hold.

The keywords that they are targeting can, and usually are, very different from the keywords that they are ranking for  -- and the keywords that they are targeting is less valuable information than the keywords that they are ranking for.

And, on that I hold that the intentions of other people who own a website can not be divined, nor is their smarts anything that I would be willing to bet my money on.

The amount of time that it takes to rank has a lot of variables...  the variables that you have some control over area....

A)  the quality of your content

B)  the strength of your website

C)  your ability to get links into the new page

The actions of your visitors are also important.  They can share, they can engage, or they can do one of these or neither.

The actions of your competitors are also important.  They can be working on content for similar keywords, they can be working on links to their competing page, or working on links to their entire website.

All of this is why SEOs can't guarantee rankings or "time to rank".  But mainly, they don't have control over their competitors.

I really like Stpehan's idea of "indexed collections of complaints".

Just stating a couple of facts and a couple of things that I believe about those facts.....  I'll be clear to state the parts that are beliefs below.

1. If you have a lot of thin content pages on a website then you run the risk of Google seeing those thin content pages and slapping the domain with a Panda problem.  I believe that can cause reduced rankings across the entire domain.

2. Google recently said that they are going to stop following the links on noindex pages.  From that, I believe that some pagerank will be lost from every link that enters them.  I believe that can result in lower rankings for the entire domain.

If I owned the site above.  I would place all of these pages where they can be safely noindexed without causing a loss of pagerank and not produce a Panda problem.  That would require them to be in a subdomain that is noindexed or on another domain that is no indexed.

That's what I would do with these pages.

The new URLs seem pretty verbose.

If this was my site, I would consider...

https://www.inlineskates.com/Buying-Guide/Inline-Skates/
https://www.inlineskates.com/Buying-Guide/Kids-Inline-Skates/
https://www.inlineskates.com/Buying-Guide/Inline-Hockey-Skates/
https://www.inlineskates.com/Buying-Guide/Aggressive-Skates/

My breadcrumbs would look similar....

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